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A gambling strategy where the amount is raised until a person wins or becomes

insolvent

A martingale is a class of 📈 betting strategies that originated from and were

popular in 18th-century France. The simplest of these strategies was designed for a

📈 game in which the gambler wins the stake if a coin comes up heads and loses if it comes

up 📈 tails. The strategy had the gambler double the bet after every loss, so that the

first win would recover all 📈 previous losses plus win a profit equal to the original

stake. Thus the strategy is an instantiation of the St. 📈 Petersburg paradox.

Since a

gambler will almost surely eventually flip heads, the martingale betting strategy is

certain to make money for 📈 the gambler provided they have infinite wealth and there is

no limit on money earned in a single bet. However, 📈 no gambler has infinite wealth, and

the exponential growth of the bets can bankrupt unlucky gamblers who choose to use 📈 the

martingale, causing a catastrophic loss. Despite the fact that the gambler usually wins

a small net reward, thus appearing 📈 to have a sound strategy, the gambler's expected

value remains zero because the small probability that the gambler will suffer 📈 a

catastrophic loss exactly balances with the expected gain. In a casino, the expected

value is negative, due to the 📈 house's edge. Additionally, as the likelihood of a string

of consecutive losses is higher than common intuition suggests, martingale strategies

📈 can bankrupt a gambler quickly.

The martingale strategy has also been applied to

roulette, as the probability of hitting either red 📈 or black is close to 50%.

Intuitive

analysis [ edit ]

The fundamental reason why all martingale-type betting systems fail

is that 📈 no amount of information about the results of past bets can be used to predict

the results of a future 📈 bet with accuracy better than chance. In mathematical

terminology, this corresponds to the assumption that the win–loss outcomes of each 📈 bet

are independent and identically distributed random variables, an assumption which is

valid in many realistic situations. It follows from 📈 this assumption that the expected

value of a series of bets is equal to the sum, over all bets that 📈 could potentially

occur in the series, of the expected value of a potential bet times the probability

that the player 📈 will make that bet. In most casino games, the expected value of any

individual bet is negative, so the sum 📈 of many negative numbers will also always be

negative.

The martingale strategy fails even with unbounded stopping time, as long as

📈 there is a limit on earnings or on the bets (which is also true in practice).[1] It is

only with 📈 unbounded wealth, bets and time that it could be argued that the martingale

becomes a winning strategy.

Mathematical analysis [ edit 📈 ]

The impossibility of winning

over the long run, given a limit of the size of bets or a limit in 📈 the size of one's

bankroll or line of credit, is proven by the optional stopping theorem.[1]

However,

without these limits, the 📈 martingale betting strategy is certain to make money for the

gambler because the chance of at least one coin flip 📈 coming up heads approaches one as

the number of coin flips approaches infinity.

Mathematical analysis of a single round [

edit 📈 ]

Let one round be defined as a sequence of consecutive losses followed by either

a win, or bankruptcy of the 📈 gambler. After a win, the gambler "resets" and is

considered to have started a new round. A continuous sequence of 📈 martingale bets can

thus be partitioned into a sequence of independent rounds. Following is an analysis of

the expected value 📈 of one round.

Let q be the probability of losing (e.g. for American

double-zero roulette, it is 20/38 for a bet 📈 on black or red). Let B be the amount of

the initial bet. Let n be the finite number of 📈 bets the gambler can afford to lose.

The

probability that the gambler will lose all n bets is qn. When all 📈 bets lose, the total

loss is

∑ i = 1 n B ⋅ 2 i − 1 = B ( 2 📈 n − 1 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}B\cdot

2^{i-1}=B(2^{n}-1)}

The probability the gambler does not lose all n bets is 1 − 📈 qn. In

all other cases, the gambler wins the initial bet (B.) Thus, the expected profit per

round is

( 1 📈 − q n ) ⋅ B − q n ⋅ B ( 2 n − 1 ) = B ( 📈 1 − ( 2 q ) n ) {\displaystyle

(1-q^{n})\cdot B-q^{n}\cdot B(2^{n}-1)=B(1-(2q)^{n})}

Whenever q > 1/2, the expression

1 − (2q)n 📈 < 0 for all n > 0. Thus, for all games where a gambler is more likely to lose

than 📈 to win any given bet, that gambler is expected to lose money, on average, each

round. Increasing the size of 📈 wager for each round per the martingale system only

serves to increase the average loss.

Suppose a gambler has a 63-unit 📈 gambling bankroll.

The gambler might bet 1 unit on the first spin. On each loss, the bet is doubled. Thus,

📈 taking k as the number of preceding consecutive losses, the player will always bet 2k

units.

With a win on any 📈 given spin, the gambler will net 1 unit over the total amount

wagered to that point. Once this win is 📈 achieved, the gambler restarts the system with

a 1 unit bet.

With losses on all of the first six spins, the 📈 gambler loses a total of

63 units. This exhausts the bankroll and the martingale cannot be continued.

In this

example, the 📈 probability of losing the entire bankroll and being unable to continue the

martingale is equal to the probability of 6 📈 consecutive losses: (10/19)6 = 2.1256%. The

probability of winning is equal to 1 minus the probability of losing 6 times: 📈 1 −

(10/19)6 = 97.8744%.

The expected amount won is (1 × 0.978744) = 0.978744.

The expected

amount lost is (63 × 📈 0.021256)= 1.339118.

Thus, the total expected value for each

application of the betting system is (0.978744 − 1.339118) = −0.360374 .

In 📈 a unique

circumstance, this strategy can make sense. Suppose the gambler possesses exactly 63

units but desperately needs a total 📈 of 64. Assuming q > 1/2 (it is a real casino) and

he may only place bets at even odds, 📈 his best strategy is bold play: at each spin, he

should bet the smallest amount such that if he wins 📈 he reaches his target immediately,

and if he does not have enough for this, he should simply bet everything. Eventually 📈 he

either goes bust or reaches his target. This strategy gives him a probability of

97.8744% of achieving the goal 📈 of winning one unit vs. a 2.1256% chance of losing all

63 units, and that is the best probability possible 📈 in this circumstance.[2] However,

bold play is not always the optimal strategy for having the biggest possible chance to

increase 📈 an initial capital to some desired higher amount. If the gambler can bet

arbitrarily small amounts at arbitrarily long odds 📈 (but still with the same expected

loss of 10/19 of the stake at each bet), and can only place one 📈 bet at each spin, then

there are strategies with above 98% chance of attaining his goal, and these use very

📈 timid play unless the gambler is close to losing all his capital, in which case he does

switch to extremely 📈 bold play.[3]

Alternative mathematical analysis [ edit ]

The

previous analysis calculates expected value, but we can ask another question: what is

📈 the chance that one can play a casino game using the martingale strategy, and avoid the

losing streak long enough 📈 to double one's bankroll?

As before, this depends on the

likelihood of losing 6 roulette spins in a row assuming we 📈 are betting red/black or

even/odd. Many gamblers believe that the chances of losing 6 in a row are remote, and

📈 that with a patient adherence to the strategy they will slowly increase their

bankroll.

In reality, the odds of a streak 📈 of 6 losses in a row are much higher than

many people intuitively believe. Psychological studies have shown that since 📈 people

know that the odds of losing 6 times in a row out of 6 plays are low, they incorrectly

📈 assume that in a longer string of plays the odds are also very low. In fact, while the

chance of 📈 losing 6 times in a row in 6 plays is a relatively low 1.8% on a single-zero

wheel, the probability 📈 of losing 6 times in a row (i.e. encountering a streak of 6

losses) at some point during a string 📈 of 200 plays is approximately 84%. Even if the

gambler can tolerate betting ~1,000 times their original bet, a streak 📈 of 10 losses in

a row has an ~11% chance of occurring in a string of 200 plays. Such a 📈 loss streak

would likely wipe out the bettor, as 10 consecutive losses using the martingale

strategy means a loss of 📈 1,023x the original bet.

These unintuitively risky

probabilities raise the bankroll requirement for "safe" long-term martingale betting to

infeasibly high numbers. 📈 To have an under 10% chance of failing to survive a long loss

streak during 5,000 plays, the bettor must 📈 have enough to double their bets for 15

losses. This means the bettor must have over 65,500 (2^15-1 for their 📈 15 losses and

2^15 for their 16th streak-ending winning bet) times their original bet size. Thus, a

player making 10 📈 unit bets would want to have over 655,000 units in their bankroll (and

still have a ~5.5% chance of losing 📈 it all during 5,000 plays).

When people are asked

to invent data representing 200 coin tosses, they often do not add 📈 streaks of more than

5 because they believe that these streaks are very unlikely.[4] This intuitive belief

is sometimes referred 📈 to as the representativeness heuristic.

In a classic martingale

betting style, gamblers increase bets after each loss in hopes that an 📈 eventual win

will recover all previous losses. The anti-martingale approach, also known as the

reverse martingale, instead increases bets after 📈 wins, while reducing them after a

loss. The perception is that the gambler will benefit from a winning streak or 📈 a "hot

hand", while reducing losses while "cold" or otherwise having a losing streak. As the

single bets are independent 📈 from each other (and from the gambler's expectations), the

concept of winning "streaks" is merely an example of gambler's fallacy, 📈 and the

anti-martingale strategy fails to make any money.

If on the other hand, real-life stock

returns are serially correlated (for 📈 instance due to economic cycles and delayed

reaction to news of larger market participants), "streaks" of wins or losses do 📈 happen

more often and are longer than those under a purely random process, the anti-martingale

strategy could theoretically apply and 📈 can be used in trading systems (as

trend-following or "doubling up"). This concept is similar to that used in momentum

📈 investing and some technical analysis investing strategies.

See also [ edit ]

Double or

nothing – A decision in gambling that will 📈 either double ones losses or cancel them

out

Escalation of commitment – A human behavior pattern in which the participant takes

📈 on increasingly greater risk

St. Petersburg paradox – Paradox involving a game with

repeated coin flipping

Sunk cost fallacy – Cost that 📈 has already been incurred and

cannot be recovered Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

Os locais também estão abertos aos espetáculos de comédia com as músicas de "Sally" e "Clash of the Titans".

Em 2008, 👌 foram anunciados em breve o local especial do Hall da Fama da Comédia, que também será localizado em Nova York 👌 e conta com uma pequena sala de espectáculos no teatro.

Para atender com o crescimento imobiliário e outros eventos, e para 👌 expandir seu espaço hoteleiro, a companhia de teatro Kingsley Brothers alugou o local no ano de 2008.

Mais tarde seria inaugurado 👌 o Playhouse em 2014.

O Playhouse é o local em jogo que o Kingsley Brothers faz apresentações anualmente no fim de 👌 semana.

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